Measurement of Pollution in Water
Pollution in Water may be analyzed through several broad categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological. Most methods involve collection of samples, followed by specialized analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, without sampling, such as temperature. Governmentagencies and research organizations have published standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate the comparability of results from disparate testing events.
1- Sampling
Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many contamination
events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments of water at either time or discharge intervals. Sampling for biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals from the surface water body. Depending on the type of assessment, the organisms may be identified for biosurveys (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity.
2-Physical testing
Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids concentration and turbidity.
3- Chemical testing
Water samples may be examined using the principles of analytical chemistry. Many published test methods are available for both organic and inorganic compounds. Frequently-used methods include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and pesticides.
4- Biological testing
Biological testing involves the use of plant, animal, and/or microbial indicators to monitor the health of an aquatic ecosystem. Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analyzing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the concentration of bacteria. It is then possible to draw inferences about the suitability of the water for use from these concentrations. This process is used, for example, to routinely confirm that water is safe for human consumption or that bathing and recreational waters are safe to use. The interpretation and the action trigger levels for different waters vary depending on the use made of the water. Very stringent levels applying to drinking water whilst more relaxed levels apply to marine bathing waters where much lower volumes of water are expected to be ingested by users.
Pollution In Water
Water is liquid of life, as there can be no life without water. Pure water is an animating fluid while pollution in water is a real curse for living beings. Man during course of his civilization has settled in places where plenty of water was available. But with the increase of population and in exploitation of natural resources for his own benefit, he has behaved in a wild manner by creating problem of pollution hazardous not only to quartic life but also to his own life. While western countries have become quite sensitive to this problem, bit eastern countries still continuing, because of irresponsible behavior of their citizens, in rendering water more polluted day by day and the situations is deterioration progressively.
Pollution in water due to poor environment sanitation has been the major cause of diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, fever, intestinal heleminths, jaundice, cholera, etc. While he national areas continue to be insanitary, mushroom growth of industries in last 25 years have adversely effected the environmental sanitation of the major parts of earth. Only recently scientists, technocrats and planners have visualized that if this problem in not looked upon meticulously, the very existence of society will be endangered.
Sources of water pollution are countless and most important one of great concern is due
to human activities. Even today, open defecation in the fields and along the drains and water resources is common in world. In big cities , blind passage and road sides are used for defecation by the poor bit common people found in abundance. This creates lot lots of challenge-able health implications. One gram of human fecal matter contains millions of micro-organisms and many of them are pathogenic. Even in class I cities of the world only 26 percent of the population is covered by sanitation. One can easily imagine the height of inefficiency ad the extent of its hazardous effects on human health in so called most advance and civilized cities. Industries are of great concern and industrialization contributing to water pollution has reached the alarming situation. Less then 5 per cent of the industries have provided adequate measure for the treatment of effluents and even of them have neglected this totally.
read more “Pollution In Water”
Pollution in water due to poor environment sanitation has been the major cause of diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, fever, intestinal heleminths, jaundice, cholera, etc. While he national areas continue to be insanitary, mushroom growth of industries in last 25 years have adversely effected the environmental sanitation of the major parts of earth. Only recently scientists, technocrats and planners have visualized that if this problem in not looked upon meticulously, the very existence of society will be endangered.
Sources of water pollution are countless and most important one of great concern is due
to human activities. Even today, open defecation in the fields and along the drains and water resources is common in world. In big cities , blind passage and road sides are used for defecation by the poor bit common people found in abundance. This creates lot lots of challenge-able health implications. One gram of human fecal matter contains millions of micro-organisms and many of them are pathogenic. Even in class I cities of the world only 26 percent of the population is covered by sanitation. One can easily imagine the height of inefficiency ad the extent of its hazardous effects on human health in so called most advance and civilized cities. Industries are of great concern and industrialization contributing to water pollution has reached the alarming situation. Less then 5 per cent of the industries have provided adequate measure for the treatment of effluents and even of them have neglected this totally.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
